가야고분군 아카이브

초록(영문)

This study is to examine the period and the way of the constitution of the communities in Byeonhan and Jinhan, and the process which these communities went through to grew into states. They has been regarded as the first regional polity in Yeongnam. On the 1st chapter, I investigate the formative process of its cultural identities. The formation of Samhan ('Three Han' polities: Byeonhan, Jinhan, Mahan) political systems is closely related to the Korean-style Bronze Dagger (KBD) archaeological culture in the 3rd to the 4th centuries B.C. An important change occurred archaeologically between the socio-political systems of the dolmen-using Liaoning-style Bronze Dagger (LBD) culture and the KBD culture that followed. On the one hand, collective rituals, public construction of monuments, and integrated societal segments are features of the dolmen-constructing society of the LBD culture. Individualistic economic pursuits were suppressed and corporate modes were stressed. On the other hand, the KBD culture made a feature of turning point that led up to the advent of the Samhan society. The transformation was a move toward network modes through the rise of individual prestige and the accumulation of wealth. These characteristics, then, can be defined as the starting point that transition from the LBD cultural societies to Samhan. In the background of this long period of social transformation, there are the movement of people, the cultural exchange with more advanced polities, and the introduction of new culture, technology and ideology. The beginning of Byeonhan and Jinhan societies correspond with the transmission of the KBD culture and the movement of people from Go Joseon and China. The KBD culture was diffused throughout Mahan societies through reciprocal action, but the introduction of ceremonial items into Byeonhan and Jinhan societies was extremely limited. However the rounded clay-stripe pottery which was typical of the Mahan artifact assemblage was quickly introduced. In this way, as the KBD culture expanded and diffused the indigenous dolmen culture rapidly disappeared. The introduction of ironware into the southern Korean peninsula is divided into two parts: the introduction of Yen iron culture and the introduction of Han iron technology. Yen Warring States iron artefacts are found in Jeolla-do and Chungcheong-do, making the southwestern peninsula the centre of this phenomenon. Recently, such objects have also been excavated in the Yeongnam region. So, it is clear that iron culture was introduced into Byeonhan and Jinhan, in those days the establishment of the Lelang Commandery. Perhaps this was accomplished through migration from China and Go Joseon. As Lelang was established, Han iron technology was imported on a large scale through brisk reciprocal activities. Byeonhan and Jinhan iron technology went through a period of innovation. In the 1st century B.C. the iron tools became full-blown and spread over a wide area in Byeonhan and Jinhan. On the 2nd chapter, I examine the process of a social inequality through the change of grave mode. In Yeongnam territory, from the latter half of the 2nd century B.C. to the first half of the 2nd century A.D., this period witnesses the phenomenon of the construction of wood-coffin burials and the deposition of many grave goods, such as bronze ceremonial items, iron goods, lacquer ware, and pottery. If one looks at the size and location of such burials, differentiation is not obvious. Yet, from the statement about individual status, social differentiation is extreme when one looks at the quality and quantity of the mortuary goods. From the latter half of the 2nd century A.D., there happened to be constructing wooden-chamber burials and depositing many mortuary goods inside. Also, burial grounds of the central group were placed along the ridges of hills. The central group monopolized this burial practice and in doing so, displayed their political power. In the burials of the infant, from the 1st century A.D., then, from the inside of part of the central group of Byeonhan and Jinhan authority and prestige started the notion of ascribed status. This expanded in the 2nd and 3rd centuries A.D. By the 4th century, one can see that the idea of ascribed status became ordinary and existed in the settlements in the vicinity of Yean-ni in Gimhae. Threrefore, such differences between the individual and group, as well as regional differences, go from small to large. On the 3rd chapter, I inquiry into the background of growth of Byeonhan and Jinhan with examination on the long distant trade and the interaction of regional polities. Byeonhan and Jinhan societies began to form in the 3rd century B.C., and the full-scale growth of this phenomenon was realized one or two century later. The iron production and the cultural exchange with Lelang played important roles in the growth of political systems. It is estimated that as well as the importing prestige goods through the trade with Lelang, a variety of technology and knowledge of governmental systems seems to have been acquired. New production technologies, liberal conventions related to burials and conception of the afterlife were passed through immigrants from China and the Lelang Commandery. Control of the enormous requirements for iron as mortuary goods acted as a foundation of economic power for the elite class. In this way, the expansion and systematization of political power were accomplished. But from the 2nd century B.C., the wide mutual network of prestige goods was dismantled. As a result, Gimhae area monopolized exchange with the Japanese archipelago, and raised the conflict of political competition. In terms of the display of power, counties and prefectures entered into diplomatic relations with political entities in China. Because of this inclination toward consumption items, importing of prestige goods from Lelang was suspended. Instead, the granting of official titles or seals, official clothing were allowed to enter. Finally, I illuminate the process by which the polity in Yeongnam had underwent to grow into states. The formation of regional polities in Yeongnam territory, toward the 2nd-1st centuries B.C. was accomplished by the appearance of the political elite and an unequal relationship among settlements. It was caused by the system of production, circulation, and redistribution of the necessaries of life and the articles, such as bronze ware and ironware, which enhanced prestige. By the 1st century A.D., the political elite was formed in a central settlement within the same boundary, and it organized a political network in a wide area. Thereafter, the local groups were united into a single political authority, and constituted 24 regional polities of Byeonhan and Jinhan by the 2nd-3rd centuries. From the latter half of the 3rd century, the regional polities were combined each other, and developed into states of which Shilla in Kyeongju and Kumgwan-kaya in Kimhae were a central force. Their ruling classes made display of political power by human sacrifice and a lofty mound, and the competitive relationship among polities unified political sphere and cultural sphere. They introduced a new military system from the northward and adopted a new symbolic matters which showed up the social position, such as armor and harness. In Kimhae, Kumgwan-kaya was a formation into that the regional polity in Karakkuk confederated with it in Dokrokuk. There was ruling class that was made up at least more than 3 stratum above a direct producer class. This political structure was different from it of Kogurye or Shilla.

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