가야고분군 아카이브

초록

철기시대 토기는 硬質無文土器, 粗質灰色土器, 赤褐色硬質土器, 灰靑色硬質土器, 軟質회색土器 등으로 분류된다. 철기시대 토기의 성격을 파악하기 위하여 먼저 과학적 분석을 시도하였다. 즉 8가지에 걸친 토기 자체의 분석조사의 결과에 근거를 두고 鐵器時代의 여러 토기가 각기 어떤 독자적인 성격을 갖고 있으며 다른 토기와의 연관관계 및 상대연대에 의한 선후관계 순위에 대해서도 아울러 조사·정리하였다. 그리고 이 토기들이 지역에 따라 어떤 차이를 갖고 있는가 고찰하였고, 각 토기의 성격과 지역의 차이를 연관시켜서 토기문화의 전파과정과 그 문화시기도 살펴보았다. 그리고 硬質無文士器와 打捺文士器의 器形, 色相, 製作方法 등을 통해 철기시대 토기의 성격을 파악하였다. 다음으로 지역적 분포를 보면, 중부지역, 서남부지역, 동남부지역 등 세 지역에서 모두 발견되는 器形에는 平底有頸壺, 시루, 甕 등이 있으며 이 토기들은 형태적인 면에서 큰 차이를 보이지 않고 각 지역마다 각기 독특한 기형이 출토되고 있다. 지금까지 발견·조사된 유적의 지역적 분포를 고려할 때 철기시대의 새로운 토기는 한강유역의 중부지역에서 남부지역으로 전파·발전되었다고 볼 수 있을 것이다. 끝으로 철기시대의 역사적인 배경으로 三韓과의 관계를 검토하였다.

초록(영문)

The kimhae type pottery(金海式土器) has been known as the typical Iron Age pottery of Korean peninsula. It has been supposed that in the kimhae type pottery, there are only two kinds of potteries ; hard reddish brown pottery(赤□色硬質土器) and hard grayish blue pottery(灰靑色硬質土器). But there existed some other type potteries, namely, hard plain pottery(硬質無文土器), coarse gray pottery(粗質灰色土器), and soft gray pottery(敬質灰色土器) existed in the same cultural period. In this study I tried to establish the characteristics of the Iron Age potteries and to place these potteries into relative chronological order. And I also tried to consider the correlation between Iron Age and Samhan(三韓) which was its historical background in record. In order to solve these problems the scientific analysis of these potteries in various aspects become necessary. Through these analyses I could obtain following results. First, the Iron Age sites in South Korea region could be divided into 4 different localities. Second, the hard plain pottery was developed from the traditional plain coarse pottery with the influence from coarse gray pottery. Third, the hard reddish brown pottery appeared after hard plain pottery, and it was developed to hard grayish blue pottery influenced from soft gray pottery. And the difference between hard reddish brown pottery and hard grayish blue pottery is insignificant. Forth, the hard plain pottery and coarse gray pottery appeared since 2nd century B.C.. The hard reddish brown pottery and hard grayish pottery appeared since 1st century A.D.. And soft gray pottery was used before hard grayish blue pottery. Accoding to these potteries analyses the Iron Age of Korean peninsula can be divided into 3 different cultural sequences, but all of them belong to the Iron Age culture. Next, I analyzed the characteristics of hard plain pottery(硬質無文土器) and beating patterned potteries(玎□文土器) through its shape, color, manufacturing method. The shape of hard plain pottery shows various types. This type pottery was mainly excavated from the dwelling sites of Han River basin and shellmounds of southern parts of Korean peninsula. In many aspects it show same characteristics from plain coarse pottery of Bronze Age, and kept common techniques with the beating patterned pottery. This pottery was intermediate type between plain coarse pottery and reddish beating pottery which was one of beating patterned potteries. Namely, this pottery belonged to the early period of Iron Age. On the other side, beating patterned pottery has some special features such as beating patterned, burned high-temperature and hard pottery. These potteries also show various types of shape. The color of these potteries consist of reddish brown and grayish blue. And perhaps grayish blue pottery was even more developed type. These potteries were excavated from around all over the Korean peninsula, but some types of shape were found only from one locality. These potteries were diffused from middle parts to southern parts of Korean peninsula. Lastly, I considered the correlation between the Iron Age and Samhan(三韓) which was its the historical background in record. Mahan(馬韓) migrated from north to south about 3rd century B.C. because of Chinese controversy, and resettled at Han River basin about 2nd century B.C. according to ancient records. And when Packjae(百濟) emerged, Mahan migrated again to Choˇnnam province. Many scholars believed that the archaeological culture of Mahan belong to bronze culture. But I consider that Mahan was established on the bases of iron culture, and its main grave type was jar coffin tomb (□□□). Mahan through the examination of the change of jar coffin tomb shows also that it has been migrated from middle province to Choˇnnam province. Pyoˇnhan(弁韓) and Jinhan(辰韓) also migrated from north to south, and resettled at Kyoˇngsang province from 2nd century B.C. to later 1st century B.C.. Pyoˇnhan was perceived as Kaya(伽倻) in Korean ancient records. I agree that Pyoˇ nhan is the same as the early Kaya. Jinhan shows some difference with Pyoˇnhan. In facts Jinhan was developed to Silla(新羅) through emergency of new ruler. In cultural aspects Pyoˇnhan and Jinhan have some difference. Pornhan culture was influenced from west-south coast route, and its grave types were consisted of pit-tombs(土□墓), jar coffin tomb(□棺墓) and stone lined pit-tomb(石□墓), on the other side Jinhan culture was influenced from land route, its grave type was chiefly consist of pit-tombs. I reached the conclusion that the material of iron culture corresponds to the Chinese records of Pyoˇnhan and Jinhan. It is not the purpose of this paper to solve all the problems of Korean Iron Age, but this paper was written to establish the pottery characteristics and also to place these potteries into chronological order by relative dating of it. And I reexamined Samhan which was the historical background of Iron Age. I hope that this paper will be of help to the future research for the establishment of Iron Age culture of Korean peninsula.

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